تعاملات دیپلماتیک

تعاملات دیپلماتیک

دیپلماسی اقلیمی اتحادیه اروپا و بازتعریف روابط تجاری جهانی: تاثیر سیاست‌های اقلیمی بر روابط تجاری با چین

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
فرزانه مصطفی جوکار 1
محمد جمشیدی 2
1 دانشجوی دکتری مطالعات منطقه‌ای گرایش اروپا دانشکده حقوق و علوم‌سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
2 استادیار مطالعات منطقه‌ای دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.
10.22034/dpiq.2026.572447.1075
چکیده
پس از توافق پاریس ۲۰۱۵، دیپلماسی اقلیمی اتحادیه اروپا از رویکردی محیط‌زیستی به محور راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری در حوزه‌های کلیدی از جمله تجارت، سیاست خارجی و رقابت‌پذیری اقتصادی تبدیل شد. اتحادیه با اتکا به نقش خود در شکل‌دهی توافق پاریس، تلاش کرد پیوند میان اقلیم و ابزارهای تجاری را تقویت کند و استانداردهای اقلیمی خود را در عرصه جهانی گسترش دهد. این تحول، گذار اتحادیه از «رهبری هنجاری» به «تنظیم‌گری فرامرزی» را رقم زد و ساختار چند سطحی جدیدی از حکمرانی اقلیمی ایجاد کرد که اقلیم را به ابزاری برای مشروعیت سازی داخلی و کنشگری خارجی تبدیل نمود.
«پیمان سبز اروپا» در سال ۲۰۱۹ این روند را نهادینه کرد و اتحادیه را متعهد به بی‌طرفی اقلیمی تا ۲۰۵۰ و کاهش ۵۵ درصدی انتشار تا ۲۰۳۰ ساخت. یکی از مهم‌ترین ابزارهای آن «سازوکار تعدیل مرزی کربن» است که با قیمت‌گذاری کربن بر واردات محصولات انرژی‌بر، به دنبال حفظ رقابت‌پذیری صنایع اروپایی است. این سازوکار، پیامدهای گسترده‌ای بر دسترسی شرکای تجاری از جمله چین به بازار اتحادیه اروپا دارد. رابطه اقلیمی اتحادیه اروپا و چین ترکیبی از همکاری و رقابت است. هرچند اسناد مشترک بر نقش کلیدی چین در گذار کم‌کربن تأکید کرده‌اند، اختلافات مهمی درباره عدالت اقلیمی، تعهدات کاهش انتشار و الگوی حکمرانی میان دو طرف وجود دارد. چین سازوکار تعدیل مرزی کربن را ناقض اصول تجارت آزاد دانسته و آن را تهدیدی برای رقابت‌پذیری صادرات خود می‌بیند و هم‌زمان مسیرهای دیپلماتیک، اصلاحات داخلی و تنوع‌بخشی تجاری را دنبال می‌کند. در مجموع، دیپلماسی اقلیمی اتحادیه هم‌زمان موجب همگرایی محدود و تشدید رقابت ژئوپلیتیک در روابط تجاری با چین شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
دیپلماسی اقلیمی، اتحادیه اروپا، جهانی شدن، سازوکار تعدیل مرزی کربن، چین

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

EU Climate Diplomacy and the Redefinition of Global Trade Relations: The Impact of Climate Policies on Trade Relations with China

نویسندگان English

Farzaneh Mostafajokar 1
Mohammad Jamshidi 2
1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Regional Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Regional Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

Problem Statement and Background
Climate change has evolved from a primarily environmental concern into a central issue shaping global politics, international trade, and the dynamics of globalization. In this context, the European Union (EU) has emerged as one of the most proactive actors in climate governance, positioning itself not only as a leader in environmental regulation but also as a regulatory power capable of influencing global economic structures. In recent years, EU climate policies have increasingly intersected with trade policy, transforming climate diplomacy into a strategic tool for redefining the rules of international economic interaction.
Within the framework of globalization, these developments reflect a broader shift toward new forms of interdependence, in which environmental standards are progressively embedded in the infrastructure of global trade. Instruments such as the European Green Deal and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) exemplify this shift by linking market access to climate performance and internalizing environmental costs into international economic exchanges. While these measures are justified by the EU as necessary for preventing carbon leakage and ensuring fair competition, they have generated significant tensions with major trading partners, particularly emerging economies such as China.
Despite the growing importance of EU climate diplomacy and its implications for global trade, the existing literature has largely treated climate policy and trade policy as separate domains. Many studies focus either on the EU’s role in international climate negotiations or on the trade-related impacts of environmental regulation, without sufficiently integrating these perspectives within a unified analytical framework. As a result, there remains a significant research gap concerning the ways in which EU climate diplomacy, embedded in the broader process of globalization, reshapes bilateral trade relations with key partners and contributes to the reconfiguration of the global trade order.
Research Objectives
The primary objective of this study is to examine how the European Union’s climate diplomacy, within the context of globalization, affects its trade relations with China. The article seeks to demonstrate that EU climate policies are not merely environmental measures but constitute a form of structural power that influences global trade patterns, regulatory norms, and competitive dynamics. Specifically, the research aims to analyze the legal, economic, and political implications of key EU climate instruments—most notably the European Green Deal and the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism—on EU–China trade relations.
In doing so, the study also aims to contribute to the broader theoretical debate on globalization by illustrating how climate policy has become a mechanism for selective globalization, in which economic integration is preserved but increasingly conditioned by environmental and regulatory standards. By focusing on the EU–China relationship, the research highlights the interaction between climate governance, trade competition, and power redistribution in the emerging low-carbon global order.
Research Methodology
The study adopts a qualitative research approach based on documentary and content analysis. Primary data are drawn from official EU policy documents, legal texts, strategy papers, and communications related to climate and trade policy, including European Council conclusions and European Commission initiatives. These are complemented by secondary sources from peer-reviewed academic literature on climate governance, globalization, and international trade.
The analysis is guided by a globalization-based conceptual framework, emphasizing structural power, regulatory influence, and interdependence. Through qualitative content analysis, the study examines how EU climate diplomacy is institutionalized, how it is linked to trade instruments, and how these developments affect China as a major trading partner and global emitter. This methodological approach allows for an in-depth understanding of the political and regulatory logic underlying EU climate diplomacy and its broader implications for global trade governance.
Research Findings
The findings of the study indicate that EU climate diplomacy has evolved into a comprehensive and cross-sectoral strategy that extends well beyond environmental policy. Since the adoption of the Paris Agreement in 2015, the EU has increasingly integrated climate objectives into its trade policy, foreign relations, and economic governance. The European Green Deal represents a turning point in this process, redefining all EU policies in light of the goal of climate neutrality by 2050 and positioning climate action as a core element of the Union’s external economic strategy.
One of the most significant findings is that instruments such as the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism function as tools of structural and normative power. By conditioning access to the EU market on carbon pricing and emissions standards, the EU effectively exports its regulatory framework beyond its borders. This has direct consequences for China, which is the largest exporter of several carbon-intensive products to the EU. CBAM increases the cost of Chinese exports in sectors such as steel, aluminum, and cement, thereby affecting trade flows and competitiveness.
At the same time, the study finds that EU climate diplomacy has generated a complex pattern of cooperation and competition with China. While both actors share an interest in maintaining multilateral climate governance and have cooperated in international climate forums, EU unilateral measures have been perceived by China as forms of green protectionism and regulatory imperialism. China has criticized CBAM as inconsistent with the principles of the Paris Agreement and the World Trade Organization, particularly the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities.
However, the findings also suggest that EU climate pressure has acted as an external catalyst for domestic policy adjustments in China. In response to EU measures, China has accelerated the development of its national emissions trading system and reinforced its long-term climate commitments. This indicates that EU climate diplomacy not only generates conflict but also contributes to policy diffusion and regulatory convergence, albeit in a contested and selective manner.
Conclusion
The study concludes that EU climate diplomacy should be understood as a central component of a broader strategy to reshape the global trade system in the context of globalization. Rather than signaling a retreat from globalization, EU climate policies contribute to the emergence of a form of selective globalization, in which economic integration is maintained but increasingly governed by stringent environmental and regulatory conditions. Through its regulatory capacity and market power, the EU has transformed climate policy into a source of structural influence over global trade relations.
In the case of EU–China relations, this transformation has resulted in a dynamic characterized by competitive coexistence. Climate diplomacy has become both a field of cooperation and a source of tension, reflecting deeper struggles over rule-making authority, competitiveness, and responsibility in the global low-carbon transition. The findings underscore that climate policy is no longer a peripheral issue but a key arena in which the future of global trade governance is being negotiated.
Ultimately, the article highlights the need to analyze climate diplomacy, trade policy, and globalization as interconnected processes. Ignoring these linkages risks producing an incomplete understanding of contemporary global political economy. The study therefore contributes to the literature by offering an integrated framework for understanding how EU climate diplomacy reshapes trade relations and power structures in the evolving global order.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Climate diplomacy, European Union, Globalization, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, China
Aldy, J., & Pizer, W. (2015). The Competitiveness Impacts of Climate Change Mitigation Policies. Journal of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists, 2(4), 565-595. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/683305
Giovanni, J., Gottselig, G., Jaumotte, F., Ricci, L., & Tokarick, S. (2008, May). Globalization: A Brief Overview, Overview. Retrieved April 21, 2025, from International Monetary Fund: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/13/17/9936#B12-sustainability-13-09936
Haque, M. (2002). Globalization, New Political Economy, and Governance: A Third World Viewpoint. Administrative Theory & Praxis,, 24(1), 103-124.
Rafindadi, A., & Usman, O. (2019). Globalization, energy use, and environmental degradation in South Africa: Startling empirical evidence from the Maki-cointegration test. Journal of Environmental Management, 244, 265-275. doi:Journal of Environmental Management
Addink, H., Arts, B., & Mol, A. (2003). Climate change policy in changing contexts: globalization, political modernization and legal innovation. In v. Ierland, J. Gupta, & M. Kok (Eds.), Issues in International Climate Policy. Theory and Policy (pp. 75-94). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Adolphsen, O., Könneke, J., & Schenuit, F. (2025). The International Dimension of European Climate Policy. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 4(3), 1-7. doi:10.18449/2025C03
Alexeeva-Talebi, V., Böhringer, C., Löschel, A., & Voigt, S. (2012). The value-added of sectoral disaggregation: Implications on competitive consequences of climate change policies. Energy Economics, 34(12), 127-142. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.10.001
Bacchus, J. (2017). The Case for a WTO Climate Waiver. Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation. Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/documents/NEWEST%20Climate%20Waiver%20-%20Bacchus.pdf
Bacchus, J. (2019). What Is a Climate Response Measure?: Breaking the Trade Taboo in Confronting Climate Change. Waterloo: Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI). Retrieved from https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/Paper%20no.220.pdf
Bacchus, J. (2021). When two global agendas collide: How the EU's climate change mechanism could fall afoul of international trade rules. Geneva: World Economic Forum (weforum). Retrieved from https://www.weforum.org/stories/2021/07/how-the-eus-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-could-fall-afoul-of-wto-regulations/
Bacchus, J. (2022). Trade Links: New Rules for a New World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press & Assessment. doi:9781009098106
Barkdull, J. (2002). Globalization and Environmental Policy. journal of Diplomacy and International Relations, 3(2), 21-38.
Biedenkopf , K., & Petri , F. (2021). The European external action service and EUClimate diplomacy: Coordinator and supporter in Brussels and beyond. European Foreign Affairs Review, 26(1), 71-86.
Binbin, W., Li , H., Rui, P., Antonelli, C., Chiocchetti, I., & Tremblay, L.-L. (2025). Powering the twin engines: navigating China-EU climate cooperation. Brussels: Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP). Retrieved from https://ieep.eu/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Powering-the-Twin-Engines-Navigating-China-EU-Climate-Cooperation-2025.pdf
Bongardt, A. (2023). EU trade policy and climate change. In A. Bongardt, & F. Torres (Eds.), The Political Economy of Europe’s Future and Identity: Integration in crisis mode (1 ed., pp. 95-106). Fiesole: European University Institute (EUI).
Branger, F., Quirion, P., & Chevallier, J. (2013). Carbon Leakage and Competitiveness of Cement and Steel Industries Under the EU ETS: Much Ado About Nothing. The Energy Journal, 37(3), 109-135. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/44075652
Brosset, E., & Dubois, S. (2020). The Paris Agreement, EU Climate Law and the Energy Union. Research Handbook on EU Environmental Law, 3(5), 1-14.
BUSCH, C., MIN , H., & MEIAN , C. (2022). China and the European Union’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: Cultivating Mutual Benefits for the EU and China. Energy Innovation; Institute of Finance and Sustainability; Innovative Green Development Program. Retrieved from https://energyinnovation.org/wp-content/uploads/China-and-the-EUs-Carbon-Border-Adjustment-Mechanism.pdf
Byrnes, K. (2007). The Sharing of Culture: Global Consumerism. Journal of Undergraduate Research, X(L), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.uwlax.edu/globalassets/offices-services/urc/jur-online/pdf/2007/byrnes.pdf
Chase, P., & Pinkert , R. (2021). ‘The EU’s Triangular Dilemma on Climate and Trade. Washington: The German Marshall Fund of the United States. Retrieved from https://www.gmfus.org/sites/default/files/2021-10/Chase%20%20Pinkert%20-%20CBAM%20-%20brief.pdf
Chen, Z.-Y., Zhao, L.-T., Cheng, L., & Qiu, R.-X. (2025). How does China respond to the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism? An approach of global trade analysis. Energy Policy, 198(11), 1-18. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2024.114486
Christoff, P., & Eckersley, R. (2013). In Globalization and the Environment (pp. 1-27). Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Cong, F. (2017). China-EU Relations in the Context of Global Climate Governance. In H. Zhou (Ed.), China-EU Relations: Reassessing the China-EU Comprehensive Strategic Partnership (pp. 167-185). Beijing: Social Sciences Academic Press and Springer. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1145-0_9
Cordonier Segger, M.-C., Espa, I., Tokas, M., Cáceres, J., & Garcia, M. (2024). Interrelation between Paris Agreement and EU Free Trade Agreements’ Commitments: In Search of a Sustainable Path. Montreal: European Climate Foundation (ECF) and Centre for International Sustainable Development Law (CISDL). Retrieved from https://www.cisdl.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/CISDL-Paris-Agreement-Paper-1.pdf
Davies, G. (2024). The EU’s Implementation of the Paris Agreement. In A. Zahar, Research Handbook on the Law of the Paris Agreement (pp. 323–342). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4664628
DECHEZLEPRETRE, A., & HARAMBOURE, A. (2025, March 21). EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism: What is it, how does it work and what are the effects? Retrieved December 9, 2025, from Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) : https://www.oecd.org/en/blogs/2025/03/eu-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-what-is-it-how-does-it-work-and-what-are-the-effects.html
Dehshiri, M. (2014). Globalization and the International System. Strategic Studies of Public Policy Journal, 5(14), 1-31.
Delanty, G., & Rumford, C. (2007). Political Globalization. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (first ed., pp. 414-429). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Limited.
Delbeke, J. (2019). HAVE 25 YEARS OF EU CLIMATE POLICY DELIVERED? In J. Delbeke, & P. Vis (Eds.), Towards a Climate-Neutral Europe: Curbing the Trend (1 ed., pp. 1-23). Abingdon: Routledge. Retrieved from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-01/toward_climate_neutral_europe_en.pdf
Delbeke, J., & Vis, P. (2016). EU's climate leadership in a rapidly changing world. In J. Delbeke, & P. Vis (Eds.), EU Climate Policy Explained (2 ed., pp. 4-25). Oxfordshire: Routledge .
Delbeke, J., & Vis, P. (Eds.). (2020). Towards a Climate-Neutral Europe Curbing the Trend (1st ed.). London: Routledge. doi:9789276082613
Dellink, R., Hwang, H., Lanz, E., & Chatea, J. (2017). International trade consequences of climate change. Paris: OECD Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.1787/18166881
Delreux, T., & Ohler, F. (2019). Climate Policy in European Union Politics. In F. Laursen (Ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of European Union (pp. 1-31). Oxford,: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-1097
Dent, C. (2022). Neoliberal Environmentalism, Climate Interventionism and the Trade-Climate Nexus. Sustainability, 14(23), 1-26. doi:10.3390/su142315804
Diah Aprilian, D. (2024). Climate Change Diplomacy: Towards Sustainable Global Cooperation. Social Studies & Humanities Journal (SOSHUM), 1(1), 31-42.
Dröge, S., & Schenuit, F. (2018). EU Trade and Climate Policy Linkages. German Institute for International and Security Affairs, 8(16), 1-8.
Duggan, N., Vender , K., & Gottwald , J.-C. (2025). The EU, China, and the future of climate finance. Asia Europe Journal, 23(2-3), 1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-025-00748-x
Dupont, C., Moore, B., Boasson, E. L., Gravey, V., Jordan, A., Kivimaa, P., . . . von Homeyer, I. (2024). Three decades of EU climate policy: Racing toward climate neutrality? WIREs Climate Change, 15(1), 1-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.863
Dupont, C., Moore, B., Boasson, E., Gravey, V., Andrew Jordan, Kivimaa, P., . . . Panchuk, D. (2023). Three decades of EU climate policy: Racing toward climate neutrality? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews, 15(1), 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.863
Esty, D., & Ivanova, M. (2005). Globalisation and Environmental Protection: A Global Governance Perspective. In F. Wijen, K. Zoeteman, J. Pieters, & E. Elgar (Eds.), A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy: ational Government Interventions in a Global Arena (1 ed., pp. 627-651). England: Edward Elgar.
Euractiv. (2021, July 26). EU's planned carbon border levy violates trade principles, says China. Retrieved November 16, 2025, from https://www.euractiv.com/news/eus-planned-carbon-border-levy-violates-trade-principles-says-china/
Euractiv. (2021, July 26). EU's planned carbon border levy violates trade principles, says China. Retrieved November 16, 2025, from https://www.euractiv.com/news/eus-planned-carbon-border-levy-violates-trade-principles-says-china/
European Commission. (2021, 07 14). Impact assessment report accompanying the proposal for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Retrieved from EUR-Lex: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:52021SC0643
European Commission. (2023, July 24). Joint Press Release following the Fourth EU-China High Level Environment and Climate Dialogue. Retrieved December 8, 2025, from https://climate.ec.europa.eu/news-other-reads/news/joint-press-release-following-fourth-eu-china-high-level-environment-and-climate-dialogue-2023-07-24_en
European Commission, & European Council . (2019, March 12). EU-China – A strategic outlook. Retrieved December 09, 2025, from European Commission: https://commission.europa.eu/system/files/2019-03/communication-eu-china-a-strategic-outlook.pdf
European Council. (2018, July 16). EU-China Leaders` Statement On Climate Change and Clean Energy. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/36165/final-eu-cn-joint-statement-consolidated-text-with-climate-change-clean-energy-annex.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
European Council. (2019, December 12). European Council conclusions (EUCO 29/19). 1-4. Retrieved from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/41768/12-euco-final-conclusions-en.pdf
European Council. (2022, December 13). EU climate action: provisional agreement reached on Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Retrieved December 9, 2025, from https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2022/12/13/eu-climate-action-provisional-agreement-reached-on-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-cbam/
European Council. (2024, December 1). 5 facts about the EU's goal of climate neutrality. Retrieved Aguest 2024, 21, from consilium: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/5-facts-eu-climate-neutrality/
European Council. (2025, February 21). Climate change: what the EU is doing. Retrieved from consilium: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/#0
European Council. (n.d, n.d n.d). Global climate action. Retrieved Aguest 26, 2025, from consilium: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/global-climate-action/
European Environment Agency (a). (2025, April 16). Climate. Retrieved Aguest 30, 2025, from European Environment Agency: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/at-a-glance/climate
European Environment Agency (b). (2025, Jul 1). Climate change mitigation: reducing emissions. Retrieved Aguest 30, 2025, from European Environment Agency: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-mitigation-reducing-emissions
European Environment Agency (c). (2025, Jun 10). Climate change impacts, risks and adaptation. Retrieved Aguest 30, 2025, from European Environment Agency: https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/topics/in-depth/climate-change-impacts-risks-and-adaptation
European External Action Service. (2025, 02 13). Green Transition. Delegation of the European Union to China. Retrieved December 18, 2025, from https://www.eeas.europa.eu/delegations/china/green-transition_en?utm_source=chatgpt.com
European Parliament. (2021, March 10). European Parliament resolution of 10 March 2021 towards a WTO-compatible EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (2020/2043(INI)). Retrieved November 14, 2025, from European Parliament: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0071_EN.html
European Parliament. (2024). Global trends to 2040 – Choosing Europe's future. Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2760/689540
European Union. (2012). Consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU). Official Journal of the European Union, 47-326. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/treaty/tfeu_2012/oj/eng
Evenett, S. (2000). The World Trading System: The Road Ahead. Washington: world bank. Retrieved from https://www.alexandria.unisg.ch/handle/20.500.14171/74579
Figge, L., Oebels, K., & Offermans , A. (2017). The effects of globalization on Ecological Footprints: an empirical analysis. Environ Dev Sustain, 19, 863-876. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-016-9769-8
Geng, R., Cai, Q., & Wang, H. (2025). The Impact of the EU’s CBAM on China’s Carbon Emission Policy. Climate , 13(1), 1-21. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/cli13010005
Ghoneim, A. F. (2024, September 10). EU climate policy: potential effects on the exports of Arab countries. Retrieved November 14, 2025, from Economic Research Forum (ERF) policy portal: https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2024/09/10/eu-climate-policy-potential-effects-on-the-exports-of-arab-countries/
Goodman, D. J. (2007). Globalization and Consumer Culture. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (1 ed., pp. 330-351). Malden: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Gurol, J., & Starkmann, A. (2021). New Partners for the Planet? The European Union and China in International Climate Governance from a Role-Theoretical Perspective. Journal of Common Market Studies (JCMS), 59(3), 481-742. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13098
Haddad, M., Hansl, B., & Pechevy, A. (2024, February 13). Trading in a new climate: How mitigation policies are reshaping global trade dynamics. Retrieved October 15, 2025, from worldbank: https://blogs.worldbank.org/en/developmenttalk/trading-new-climate-how-mitigation-policies-are-reshaping-global-trade-dynamics
Hashemi, N., & Zokaei, M. (2020). Globalization, Cosmopolitanism and Environment: Critical Review of Ulrich Beck. Critical Studies in Texts & Programs of Human Sciences, 20(12), 377-403. doi:10.30465/crtls.2020.18100.1292
Humphrey, C. (2023). Can the European Green Deal be a Good Deal. ASEANFocus (ASEAN Studies Centre), 2, 1-40. Retrieved from https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/ASEANFocus-Sep-2023-LR.pdf
Huo, C., Hameed, J., Sharif, A., Albasher, G., Alamri, O., Alsultan, N., & Baig, N.-a. (2022). Recent scenario and nexus of globalization to CO2 emissions: Evidence from wavelet and Quantile on Quantile Regression approach. Environmental Research, 212(A), 11-30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113067
Jaenicke, M. (1998). Globalization and environmental policy innovations: Perspectives for national and regional pioneers. 38th Congress of the European Regional Science Association: "Europe Quo Vadis? - Regional Questions at the Turn of the Century (pp. 1-14). Vienna: European Regional Science Association (ERSA). doi:https://hdl.handle.net/10419/113396
Jakob, M. (2022). Globalization and climate change: State of knowledge, emerging issues, and policy implications. WIREs Clim Change, 13(4), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.771
Jansen, M., & Keck, A. (2005). National Environmental Policies and Multilateral Trade Rules. In F. Wijen, K. Zoeteman, & J. Pieters (Eds.), A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy (pp. 107-155). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805773.00016
Jidovu, A. (2018). Considerations On Globalization And Sustainable Community Development. Revista Universitara de Sociologie, 0(2).
Kardish, C., Li, L., Hellmich, M., Duan, M., & Tao, Y. (2021). The EU carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM) and China. adelphi consult GmbH, 1-29. Retrieved from https://ices-eu.org/20210610-policy-paper-cbam-china-final.pdf
Kelemen, R. D. (2010). Globalizing European Union environmental policy. Journal of European Public Policy, 17(3), 335-349. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501761003662065
Kulshreshtha, C., & Modi, A. (2015). Globalization And Its Impact On International Trade Patterns: A Comparative Analysis. International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT), 3(1), 66-76.
Leal-Arcas, R., & Faktaufon, M. (2025). EU Trade Policy and Climate Change: The Case for a Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Oxford Encyclopedia of EU Law, 003(n.d), 1-9. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5129029
Lenz, N., & Fajdetić, B. (2022). Does Economic Globalisation Harm Climate? New Evidence from European Union. Energies, 15(18), 1-17. doi:10.3390/en15186699
LEWIS, P. S. (2020). the Impact of Globalization on the Sustainable. thesis of University of Birmingham.
Lim, A. H., & Holzer, K. (2023). Trading in the era of carbon standards: how can trade, standard setting, and climate regimes cooperate? Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 39(1), 110–122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grac039
Liu, L., Wu, T., & Wan , Z. (2019). EU-China relationship in a new era of global climate governance. Asia Europe Journal, 17(11), 243-254. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-018-00530-2
Lo, J. (2021, April 12). Emerging economies share 'grave concern' over EU plans for a carbon border levy. Retrieved October 21, 2025, from Euractive: https://www.euractiv.com/news/emerging-economies-share-grave-concern-over-eu-plans-for-a-carbon-border-levy/
Lucke, F. v. (2023). The EU and China in the climate regime: exploring different pathways towards climate justice. Asia Europe Journal, 23(2-3), 429–435. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-022-00654-6
Lumkowsky, M., Carlton, E. K., Victor, D. G., & Dannenberg, A. (2023). Determining the willingness to link climate and trade policy. Climatic Change, 176(133), 1-24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-023-03609-x
Mahdavian, M., Tafarojnooroz, N., & Akbari, A. (2022). Globalization and its Effect on the Environment: A Case Study of Iran in the Presence of Structural Breaks. Iranian Economic Review, 26(2), 289-310. doi:10.22059/IER.2020.77977
Mahdavian, S., Tafarojnooroz, N., & Akbari, A. (2022). Globalization and its Effect on the Environment: A Case Study of Iran in the Presence of Structural Breaks. Iranian Economic Review, 26(2), 289-310. doi:10.22059/IER.2020.77977
Mahmud Naser, M., & Pearce, P. (2022). Evolution of the International Climate Change Policy and Processes: UNFCCC to Paris Agreement. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Environmental Science, 1-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199389414.013.422
Malone, E. L. (2002). Hot Topics: Globalization and Climate Change. Social Thought and Research, 25(1/2), 143-173. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/23250009
Marcu, I.-M. (2021). How can the European Union act as a normative power in the green transition? Brussels: Institute of European Democrats. Retrieved from https://www.iedonline.eu/download/green-deal/13_Ionut_MARCU_IED_Paper_2021.pdf
Moltke, K. v. (2005). Globalisation and Environmental Policy Design. In F. Wijen, K. Zoeteman, & J. Pieters (Eds.), A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy (pp. 687-705). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
Morgera, E., & Kulovesi, K. (2013). The Role of the EU in Promoting International Standards in the Area of Climate Change. Edinburgh School of Law Research Paper, 22(1), 1-20. Retrieved from https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2267419
Mubin, S., & Agus Putri, A. (2025). The European Union Green Deal and Global Trade: A Constructivist Perspective on Sustainability Norms. Journal of World Trade Studies, 10(1), 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.22146/jwts.v10i1.18729
Oberthür, S. (2016). Where to go from Paris? The European Union in climate geopolitics. Global Affairs, 2(2), 119-130. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/23340460.2016.1166332
Oberthür, S. (2022). From emissions trading to the European Green Deal: the evolution of the climate policy mix and climate policy integration in the EU. Journal of European Public Policy, 30(3), 445-468. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2120528
Oberthür, S., & Dupont, C. (2021). The European Union’s international climate leadership: towards a grand climate strategy? Journal of European Public Policy, 28(7), 1095-1114. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2021.1918218
Oertel , J., Tollmann, J., & Tsang, B. (2020). Climate superpowers: How the EU and China can compete and cooperate for a green future. European Council on Foreign Relations, 1-32. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep27722
Opschoor, H. (2005). Globalisation and Policies/Politics towards Sustainable Development in Developing Countries. In F. Wijen, K. Zoeteman, & J. Pieters (Eds.), A Handbook of Globalisation and Environmental Policy (pp. 277-309). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Panayotou, T. (2000). Globalization and Environment. Center for International Development at Harvard University. Retrieved from https://www.hks.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/centers/cid/files/publications/faculty-working-papers/053.pdf
Panibratov, A., Fedoritenko, J., Dubova, D., & Seleznev, D. (2022). Impact of the EU carbon policy on the globalization and ESG agenda. BRICS Journal of Economics, 3(1), 53-71. doi:https://doi.org/10.3897/brics-econ.3.e86001
Petersen, T., & Walkenhorst, P. (2023, May 16). The EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. What does it mean for the rest of the world? Retrieved December 9, 2025, from Bertelsmann Stiftung: https://bst-europe.eu/economy-security-trade/the-eu-carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism-what-does-it-mean-for-the-rest-of-the-world/
Pieczywok, A. (2020). Cultural Globalization and Human Security. Zeszyty Naukowe, 73(1), 145-163. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.0778
Qin, Y. (2023, November 20). CBAM: How It Can Be Leveraged in China. Retrieved December 11, 2025, from REVOLVE : https://revolve.media/interviews/cbam-beyond-the-eu-china
Raftowicz, M. (2021). The Climate Crisis as a Product of Globalization. Globalization and its Socio-Economic Consequences 2020. 92, pp. 1-6. Wrocław: Institute of Economic Sciences. doi:https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20219206029
Rayner, T., & Jordan, A. (2016). Climate Change Policy in the European Union. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Climate Science (1 ed., pp. 1-17). Oxford : Oxford University Press.
Rehman, A., Radulescu, M., Ma, H., Dagar, V., Hussain, I., & Khan, M. (2021). The impact of globalization, energy use, and trade on ecological footprint in Pakistan: Does environmental sustainability exist? Energies, 14(17), 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175234
Reinaud, J. (2009). Trade, Competitiveness and Carbon Leakage: Challenges and Opportunities. London: Chathamhouse. Retrieved from https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/public/Meetings/Meeting%20Transcripts/0109reinaud.pdf
Rivers, N. (2010). Impacts of climate policy on the competitiveness of Canadian industry: How big and how to mitigate? Energy Economics, 32(5), 1092-1104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2010.01.003
Robertson , R., & White, K. (2007). What Is Globalization? In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (1 ed., pp. 54-66). Malden: Blackwell Publishing .
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture, (1 ed.). London: Sage.
Romancikova, E. (2013). Globalisation, environment and environmental policy. Economic Annals, 129(5-6), 11-13. Retrieved from https://ea21journal.world/index.php/ea-v129-03/
Runnalls, D., Halle, M., & Najam, A. (2003). Environment and Globalization: Five Propositions. Winnipeg: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). Retrieved from https://www.iisd.org/publications/report/environment-and-globalization-five-propositions
Sapir, A., & Horn, H. (2020). Political assessment of possible reactions of EU main trading partners to EU border carbon measures. Belgium: European Parliament. doi:10.2861/93094
Sattich, T., Freeman, D., Scholten, D., & Yan, S. (2021). Renewable energy in EU-China relations: Policy interdependence and its geopolitical implications. Energy Policy, 156(112), 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112456
Scholte, J. (2005). Globalization: A Critical Introduction. (Second, Ed.) New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
Schreurs, M. A. (2016). The Paris Climate Agreement and the Three Largest Emitters: China, the United States, and the European Union. Cogitatio, 4(3), 219-223. doi:https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v4i3.666
Sjöholm, F. (2024). Navigating the New Normal: The European Union's Changing Stance on Globalization in the Era of  Trade Conflicts. Asian Economic Papers , 23(1), 29-45. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00886
Steger, M. B. (2023). Globalization: A Very Short Introduction (SIXTH ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
Strizhakova, Y., & Coulter, R. (2024). Environmental and Social Sustainability: A Consumer Cultural Identity Perspective in the Global-Local Marketplace. Journal of Sustainable Marketing, 5(1), 43-49. doi:https://doi.org/10.51300/JSM-2024-118
Sutton, T., & Saha, S. (2025, March 26). The risks and opportunities of the EU’s green trade agenda. Retrieved November 18, 2025, from Brookings: https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-risks-and-opportunities-of-the-eus-green-trade-agenda/
Tandon, S., & Merle, K. (2024). Evaluating the impact of CBAM on developing countries: The EU's new approach to multilateralism and trade. Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS), 1-39.
Tu, K., Sartor, O., & Zhang-Class, R. (2021). EU-China roundtable on Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism. Agora Industry, 1, 1-19. Retrieved from https://www.agora-industry.org/fileadmin/Projekte/2021/2021-02_EU_Lead_markets/A-EW_222_EU-China_CBAM_WEB.pdf
Vidal, P. Á. (2025). Climate Leadership or Green Protectionism? The External Dimension of the European Green Deal: Examining the case of the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). European Union Studies Association, 8(10), 1-29.
Vrontisi, Z., Charalampidis, I., & Paroussos, L. (2020). What are the impacts of climate policies on trade? A quantified assessment of the Paris Agreement for the G20 economies. Energy Policy, 139(11), 1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111376
Wang, Y., Zhou, T., Chen, H., & Rong, Z. (2019). Environmental Homogenization or Heterogenization? The Effects of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1970–2014. Sustainability, 11(10), 1-23. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su11102752
Wendler, F. (2022). Framing Climate Change in the EU and US After the Paris Agreement (1 ed.). London: Palgrave Macmillan Cham. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-04059-7
Woerdman, E., Roggenkamp, M., & Holwerda, M. (Eds.). (2021). Essential EU Climate Law (2 ed.). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi:https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788971300
Wood, R., Grubb, M., Anger-Kraavi, A., Pollitt, H., Rizzo, B., Alexandri, E., . . . Tukker, A. (2019). Beyond peak emission transfers: historical impacts of globalization and future impacts of climate policies on international emission transfers. Climate Policy, 20(1), 14-27. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1619507
Xiaoman, W., Majeed, A., Vasbieva, D. G., Yameogo, C., & Hussain, N. (2021). Natural resources abundance, economic globalization, and carbon emissions: Advancing sustainable development agenda. Sustainable development, 29(5), 1-12. doi:10.1002/sd.2192
Yearley, S. (2007). Globalization and the Environment. In G. Ritzer (Ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Globalization (1 ed., pp. 239-254). Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
Zhang, L., Xu, M., Chen, H., Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2022). Globalization, Green Economy and Environmental Challenges: State of the Art Review for Practical Implications. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10(8), 1-9. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.870271
Zoeteman, K., Wijen, F., & Pieters, J. (2005). Globalisation and National Environmental Policy: An Overview. In A handbook of globalisation and environmental policy: National government interventions in a global arena (pp. 1-29). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. doi:https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781954355.00009
تعاملات دیپلماتیک
دوره 3، شماره 10
تابستان 1404