نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله English
نویسنده English
Introduction
International developments indicate the formation of a new world order in the form of creating economic alliances. States follow the membership in alliances and connection to international corridors for the transfer of goods and energy in line with economic diplomacy, and on the other hand, by connecting to corridors, they are seeking to gain power and a privileged position in the future of the global economy, which is the future economic war of the superpowers. The North-South, East-West, Zangezur, One Belt-one Road, Trasica, Basra-Turkey, India-Arab-Mediterranean, Lapis Lazuli and CPEC corridors, etc., indicate the emergence of a war of corridors, and despite the geoeconomics position of the Islamic Republic of Iran as a link between the trade corridors of China, India, and Russia, which can play the role of a corridor heartland in the region. The present study aims to study the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in connection with international corridors and to obtain a precise understanding of the position of the sea-based economy in the policy and economic and political governance system of Iran, and the possibility of utilizing the economic potential of the transit corridors of goods and energy adjacent to Iran is also one of the main objectives of this study.
Research Background
A review of domestic and foreign studies related to the research topic indicates that none of the studies in the field of corridors have addressed the position of the economic diplomacy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in the competition of important international corridors, but indirectly, articles have been published that can be referred to the study; Political-Legal Evaluation of the Unilateral Economic Sanctions of the United States against the Islamic Republic of Iran (Qaedi et al., 1400), which has examined the legal nature of the US sanctions system against Iran. Another study entitled; US Foreign Policy and New Sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (Simber, 2010) has examined the factors that have been effective in the formation and continuation of sanctions on Iran in US foreign policy. The research; Strategies for Developing a Maritime Economy to Achieve the Goals of the Resistance Economy (Karbkandi article, 2010) has tried to present strategies for developing a maritime economy in two areas: the development of maritime trade and the development of maritime industries, considering the opportunities and threats of Iran, the experiences of selected countries, and the opinions of experts. Other articles can also be found such as; Analyzing Iran's geopolitical role in international corridors and presenting the Iranian model, Heartland Corridor of the World (Noor Ali, 2021), Evaluating Central Asia-Europe International Corridors and Examining Obstacles to the Expansion of Iranian Transit (Arab Amiri, 2009), Weakening Iran's Position in International Corridors (Moshfegh, 2021), Economic Diplomacy and Foreign Policy (Chatterjee, 2021), and India's Arab-Mediterranean Corridor: A Paradigm Shift in Strategic Connectivity to Europe (Michaël Tanchum, 2021) was mentioned.
Methodology
This research was developed with a descriptive-analytical approach and used documentary and library methods to collect data. An analytical model based on the status of international corridors in the region was designed to analyze the data.
Results
The most important international corridors active or under construction in the field of transit of goods and energy in the region are as follows:
Middle Skop Corridor (TSC)
Southern Skop Corridor (Southern branch of Trans-Asian Rail Corridor)
East-West Corridor (Silk Road)
China’s One Belt, One Road Corridor (BRI)
north-south Corridor
Europe-Asia Corridor
Altid Corridor
The Eastern Caspian Sea Rail Corridor
Ashgabat Agreement Corridor
Islamabad-Tehran-Istanbul Corridor (ITI)
KTAI-China Corridor
Chabahar Agreement Corridor
Persian Gulf-Black Sea Corridor
Zangezur Corridor
CPEC Corridor
India-Arab-Mediterranean Corridor IMEC
Corridor Lapis Lazuli
Basra-Turkey Corridor
Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan-Afghanistan Rail Corridor
NSR North Sea Corridor
Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan Corridor
Caspian Sea-Black Sea Maritime Corridor
Iran borders the world's two main fossil cores, the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea, and connects both as the only land bridge (Fathollah Nejad, 2021: 12). The geoeconomic position of Iran allows energy pipelines to continue from these regions to the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. In addition, Iran not only has the shortest, safest, and most economical route to export oil and gas from these regions, but also has features such as; Suitable energy transmission lines in the north-south and east-west directions, ninety years of experience in the oil and gas industry, oil and gas installations, port facilities, and suitable refineries that can be connected to the energy consumption market of the Eurasian region and European and Asian countries (Mojtahedzadeh, 2000: 11).
Map: Iran's Position in Important Corridors in the Region
Discussion
Transportation is one of the fundamental issues that, in the domestic economy, is the link between industries and consumers, and in the foreign trade sector, is the link between the domestic economy and the global economy (Ng & Wilmsmeier, 2012: 127). Transport corridors are divided into 4 categories: national trade corridor, bilateral trade corridor, multilateral trade corridor, and multimodal and reciprocal corridor (Arnold, 2018). On the other hand, transport is divided into four sectors from the perspective of the method of transporting goods or passengers: air, road, rail, and sea transport, the first three of which are relevant for all countries in the world, but sea transport requires the existence of a water border and waterways (Sletmo, 2001: 333). The ocean-based economy, which is called the blue economy in global terminology, is the sustainable use of water resources and areas, including oceans, seas, lakes, coasts, and islands, for economic growth, improving livelihoods, and creating jobs. According to global statistics, the value of the main assets of the water areas is estimated at more than 24 trillion dollars and currently, fisheries are used more than other fields, so aquaculture, supplying 58% of fish to global markets, is the fastest and most vital part of the exploitation of these areas.
Final Result
Despite being located at the world's transit crossroads, the Islamic Republic of Iran, for various reasons such as; The imposition of cruel sanctions by the United States and its allies, the lack of development of necessary infrastructure, especially in the field of ports and combined transportation, the lack of active economic diplomacy, the vague understanding of the high potential of the sea-based economy and the reliance on the land-based economy, are witnessing the gradual removal of the Islamic Republic of Iran from the international corridors for the transfer of goods and energy. Iran can only interact with other major economic countries when it defines itself within their economic puzzles and equations, but in the current situation, the designers of the corridors are seeking to replace the new route and bypass Iran, including the CPEC corridor, which China will bypass Iran by investing in the Gwadar port of Pakistan, as the main competitor of the Chabahar ocean port, to challenge India's maritime power in the region and bypass the Malacca port route on the New Silk Road or the One Belt, One Road doctrine, and Pakistan, with the support of China, is completing the alternative route of the North-South Corridor.
کلیدواژهها English
منابع
فارسی
وزارت راه و شهرسازی(1397). معرفی کریدورهای بینالمللی عبوری از ایران، تراسیکا؛ کریدوری در دل راه تاریخی ابریشم، به آدرس: http://news.mrud.ir/news/53966
References
Translated References into English
